Socialism in Europe and Russian Revolution History Class 9 Chapter 2

Posted On: April 14, 2020
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Socialism in Europe and Russian Revolution History Question Answers of Class 9 Chapter 2

NCERT SOLUTIONS

Q1. What were the social economic and political conditions in Russia before 1905?
Ans: Social conditions
Some had strong links with the villagers, others had settled permanently in cities. workers were divided based upon their skills. The division among workers also reflected in that dress and manners.
Economic condition
Most industries were the private properties of Industrialists. The government supervised large factories. the industry was found in. Many factories were set up in the 1890’s, when Russia’s railway network was extended, foreign investment in industry increased, coal production doubled and iron and steel output quadrupled.
Political condition
Russia was an autocracy. Unlike other European countries, the Tsar was not a subject to a parliament. liberals in Russia campaigned to end this state of affairs. Socialist Revolutionary party struggled for peasants rights.
1905 was the year when incident of Bloody Sunday took place. 100 workers were killed and about 300 were Wounded. bloody Sunday started a series of events that became known as the 1905 revolution.

Q2. In what ways was the working population in Russia different from other countries in Europe before 1917?
Ans: The vast majority of Russia’s population were agriculturist. about 85% of Russian Empire population earned their living from agriculture. This proportion was higher than in most European countries. in France and Germany, the proportion was between 40% and 50%. cultivators produced for the market as well as for their own needs and Russia was a major exporter of grain.

Q3. Why did the Tsarist autocracy collapse in 1917?
Ans: After 1905, most trade unions and factory committees were declared illegal. There were restrictions on political activity. The Tsar dismissed the first two Dumas very quickly, because he did not want his authority and power to be questioned. The third Duma was filled with Conservative politicians. During the first world war Tsar started taking unilateral decisions without consulting the Duma. While Russian soldiers were retrieving from the war, large swathes of Agricultural lands were burnt and buildings destroyed by them on the order of Tsar. Millions of soldiers also died in the battle. The large majority of the population were peasants and the land was under the control of very few private people. All these factors led to the rise of revolution and the collapse of the Tsar autocracy.

Q4. make 2 lists: one with Main events and the effects of the February Revolution and the other with the main events and effects of the October revolution.write a paragraph on who was involved in each, who were the leaders and what was the impact of each on Soviet history.
Ans: the main events of the February revolution:
1. In February 2017, there was a shortage of food items in workers quarters.
2. On February 22nd, a Lockout took place at a factory on the right Bank. the workers in 50 factories called a strike and women played a very critical role in them. this day went on to be named as international Women’s Day.
3. 25th February, the government suspended the Duma.
4. On 27th February, police headquarters were ransacked, people demonstrated raising slogans about wages, better working hours and democracy.
5. Petrograd Soviet was formed.
6. Tsar abdicated On March 2, monarchy was formed in February 1917.
7. Soviet leaders and Duma leaders formed a provisional government in order to run the country.

Effects of the February revolution:
1. Restrictions on public meeting and associations were removed.
2. Soviets was set up everywhere 2 there was no common system of election.
3. The number of trade unions increased.
4. In industrial areas committees of factories performed to question the way the Industrialist ran them.
5. Soldiers committee was formed in the army.
6. The Bolsheviks’ Kept growing and the provisional government saw its power using
7. Committees were formed to handle redistribution of land full stop this was a popular demand for peasants and the socialist Revolutionary leaders in the countryside.

The main events of the October revolution:
As the conflict between the provisional government and the Bolsheviks grew, Lenin fear the provisional government would set up a dictatorship. Lenin began discussions for an uprising against the government. Bolshevik supporters in the army, soviets and the factories were all brought together. On 16th October 1917, Lenin persuaded the petrograd Soviet And the bolshevik party to agree to the socialist seizure of power. Military Revolutionary committee was appointed by the Soviet under Leon Trotsky to organise the seizure. The uprising begin on 24th October 1917. The military man who were loyal to the government seize the building of two bolshevik newspapers. Pro-government troops were sent to take over telephone and telegraph offices and protect the Winter Palace. In retaliation, the military revolutionary committee ordered its supporters to sees government officers and arrest the ministers. A ship named Aurora bombed the Winter Palace. Other ships Sail down the river and took over various military positions. By the end of the month, the city was under the control of committee and ministers had resigned. By December, Bolsheviks control the Moscow-petrograd area.

Effects of the October Revolution
1. Industries and banks were nationalized by November 1917. the government took over their ownership and Management
2. The the land was declared social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land of the nobility.
3. In the cities, the bolsheviks and force the partition of large houses according to the family requirements.
4. Old titles of aristocracy were banned.
5. New uniforms were designed for the army and the officials.
6. Bolshevik party was renamed as the Russian Communist Party.
7. Bolshevik conducted elections in the constituent assembly coma however, they did not attain majority.The Assembly rejected the bolshevik measures and Lenin dismissed the Assembly.
8. All Russian Congress of soviets became the parliament of the country. Russia became one party state
9. Trade unions were kept under the party control. the secret police punished anyone who criticize the bolsheviks. many young artists and writers continued to support the party as it stood for socialism.
10. Many experiments were done in art and architecture. most of them were unhappy because of censorship.

Q5. What were the main changes brought by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October revolution?
Ans: 1. the industries and banks were nationalized by November 1917, the government took over ownership and Management.
2. the land was declared as a social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land of the nobility.
3. In the cities, Bolsheviks and force the partition of large houses according to the family requirements.
4. old titles of aristocracy were banned.
5. New uniforms were designed for the army and the officials.
6. Bolshevik party was renamed as the Russian Communist Party.
7. Bolshevik conducted elections in the constituent assembly coma however, they did not attain majority.The Assembly rejected the bolshevik measures and Lenin dismissed the Assembly.
8. All Russian Congress of soviets became the parliament of the country. Russia became one party state
9. Trade unions were kept under the party control. the secret police punished anyone who criticize the bolsheviks. many young artists and writers continued to support the party as it stood for socialism.
10. Many experiments were done in art and architecture. most of them were unhappy because of censorship.

Q6. Write a few lines to show what you know about
A. Kulaks
1. Wealthy Peasants who Stalin believed were holding the grains to gain more profit.
2. The town faced acute shortage of grains, kulaks thought to be responsible behind it.
3. Stalin thought it was necessary to eliminate them so that farms could be modernised.

The Duma
In 1905, Tsar allowed the creation of an elected consultative Parliament or Duma. The Tsar dismiss the first Duma within 75 days Andre elected the second Duma within 3 months. The Tsar did not want anyone to question his authority or undermine and reduce his powers. The Tsar Change the voting law and packed the third Duma with conservative politicians. liberals and revolutionaries were kept out.
Women Workers between 1900 and 1930
1. their wages were less than the wages of the men.
2. They formed 31% of the factory workforce.
The Liberals
1. They considered all the religions are equal.
2. They believed that only the men who own a property have the right to vote.
3. They wanted an elected form of parliamentary governance.
Stalin’s Collectivisation Programme
1. Stalin begin this program in 1929.
2. He believed this program would help in improving the supply of grains.
3. All the presence forced to cultivate in collective farms called ‘Kolhoz’.
4. On the contrary this worsened the food supply situation

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